Explain: Hydrogen Bond and Thermal Energy.

(N/A) Hydrogen Bond: The attractive force present between a partially positive $\delta^{+}$ hydrogen atom and a partially negative electronegative atom (like $N, O, F$) in molecules is known as a Hydrogen Bond.
Examples: $(i)$ $N-H$ of $NH_{3}$,$(ii)$ $O-H$ of $H_{2}O$,$C_{2}H_{5}OH$,$C_{6}H_{5}OH$,$(iii)$ $H-F$ of $HF$.
Characteristics:
$\Rightarrow$ Although hydrogen bonding is primarily limited to $N, O, F$,other electronegative species like $Cl$ can sometimes participate.
$\Rightarrow$ The energy of a hydrogen bond varies between $10$ to $100 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$.
$\Rightarrow$ This is a significant amount of energy,making hydrogen bonds powerful forces in determining the structure and properties of many compounds,such as proteins and nucleic acids.
$\Rightarrow$ The strength of the $H$-bond is determined by the coulombic interaction between the lone-pair electrons of the electronegative atom of one molecule and the hydrogen atom of another molecule.
$\Rightarrow$ As the distance between molecules in the same substance increases,the strength of the $H$-bond decreases (e.g.,$Solid$ $\rightarrow Liquid$ $\rightarrow Gas$).
Thermal Energy: Thermal energy is the energy of a body arising from the motion of its atoms or molecules.
$\Rightarrow$ It is directly proportional to the temperature of the substance.
$\Rightarrow$ It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter and is responsible for the movement of particles.